Diversity and Behavior Essay - 1320 Words

This paper is going to look at four types of diversity and demographic characteristics that impact individual behavior in the work place and in everyday life settings. The four groups to be examined are Gender, Age, Geographical Differences, and Personality Traits. Gender When examining the differences between men and women in the work place women have made great strides in contributing their efforts in a positive manner when given the opportunity. In the past it has always been the men that controlled the working environment but as times change and more households started depending on dual incomes the need for women to participate in the work force has increased. Also with the†¦show more content†¦Some companies decide that they are only going to hire younger employees so that they get the benefit of having them around longer and younger could mean that they are more motivated and hungrier than a seasoned employee is. A down fall of hiring a younger employee, especially in a management position, is that if they are to supervise an individual that is older than they are that could cause differences between the two. Transversely an older employee that is seeking to make a career change later in their lives may experience the same discrimination as a younger employee in that a company may not want to give them the opportunity because of their age. Potentially the advantage the older employee may have is that they have the experience in a particular field that is inviting to the company that is doing the hiring. Organizations face some challenging decisions when it comes to the hiring of employees, young and old. One would hope that they would be inclined to hire the best man or women, young or old for the job. Geographical Differences According to the text, the key for optimum workplace success is to achieve increased performance from workers that really want to do better. (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, 2005). This statement could possibly be directed at any employee whether they are from a rural, urban, inner city, orShow MoreRelatedDiversity in Organizational Behavior Essay952 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Organizational Behavior Norbert Karczewski February 14, 2009 Introduction In this world, there are no two people who are alike. The one similarity is that the world is compiled as one big human race. Differences play a vital role in all people lives. Whether it is at home or in the workplace, one will encounter many diverse situations during the course of their lifetime. Within this word, diversity has many facets. Like people, each is unique;Read MoreDiversity Impact on Individual Behavior876 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Impact on Individual Behavior Behavior refers to the actions or reactions of an object or organism, usually in relation to the environment. Behavior can be conscious or unconscious, overt or covert, and voluntary or involuntary. Behavior is controlled by the nervous system; the complexity of the behavior is related to the complexity of the nervous system. Generally, organisms with complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to learn new responses and thus adjust their behavior. Read MoreThe Impact of Diversity on Individual Behavior1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe Impact of Diversity on Individual Behavior The concept of diversity has broadened in scope in the recent past, evolving from the concept of mandated quotas and affirmative action, to the reality of a diverse workforce being capable of providing quantifiable business value. A variety of external factors have influenced the conceptual evolution of diversity within the workplace. For example, globalization of markets has provided the concept of diversity with an opportunity to demonstrate a clearRead MoreDiversity And The Impact On Individual Behavior Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity and the Impact on Individual Behavior The closest definition to individual behavior is personality which is the totality of an individuals behavioral and emotional characteristics. Personality embraces a persons moods, attitudes, opinions, motivations, and style of thinking, perceiving, speaking and acting. It is part of what makes each individual distinct (Answers, 2007). Diversity within organizations can positively or negatively impact individual behavior. Diversity includesRead MoreOrganizational Culture Organizational Behavior Diversity1622 Words   |  7 PagesORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR DIVERSITY COMMUNICATION ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND GROUP DYNAMICS MGT/307 July 20, 2010 Organizational Culture is the system of shared actions, values, and beliefs that has developed within an organization and guides the behavior of its members. Organizational Development consists of special applications of knowledge gained from behavioral science to create a comprehensive design to improve organizational effectiveness. Through the collectiveRead MoreThe Impact of Diversity and Demographic Characteristics on Individual Behavior1066 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational diversity emphasizes achieving equality and opportunity in the work environment through the changing of organizational demographics. Diversity in the workplace emphasizes the appreciation of differences and creates an environment in which everyone feels valued and accepted, however it is individual behavior that determines the workplace environment. There are numerous types of diversity and demographic characteristics that impact on individual behavior. Values and attitude differencesRead MoreTeam Concept, Human Behavior, Persuasion Diversity1364 Words   |  6 Pagessystemized and resources accessed. 5. Partnering: how people interact and work together to achieve success on the team and across organizational units (Manning Curtis, 2009). 2. Physical and emotional needs are important determinants of human behavior, helping to explain why people work, why they have certain personal goals, and what they want in their relationships with others. Psychologist Abraham Maslow divides human needs into five categories, progressing from basic needs to complex needsRead MoreHigh-Performance Teams1225 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to explain how a group can become a high-performance team. The purpose is also to examine the impact of demographic characteristics and cultural diversity on group behavior. This paper will illustrate how demographic characteristics and cultural diversity contribute to or detract from high-performance teams. High-Performance Teams A high-level of performance makes up the basis for groups and teams today. High-performance is a major focus for many organizationsRead More Examining Four Types of Diversity Essay examples1024 Words   |  5 Pages While diversity is often a term used to refer specifically to cultural differences, diversity applies to all the qualities that make people different. From a management perspective, the key to diversity is to understand how different types of diversity and different demographic characteristics can impact human behavior. The four types of diversity that will be examined are: occupation, differences in skills and abilities, personality traits, and value and attitudesRead MoreHigh Performance Team Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesIn this paper I will discuss how a team/group can become a high-performance team/group, examine the demographic characteristics and culture diversity and the impact on the team/group behavior. I will also describe how demographic characteristics and cultural diversity contribute to or detract from high-performance groups or teams. What is a team/group? A team/group is a group of people who form together to complete a mutual goal such as a presentation, paper, discussing a topic or creating a

Discrimination, Prejudice And Racism - 2161 Words

Diversity is a very valuable component within establishments like corporations and academic institutions such as colleges, universities, or graduate schools. This diversity aspect within our society has been over shadowed by discrimination, prejudice and racism. Centuries ago the world knew the idea of elitism. We as a human race had divided ourselves into groups for what was believed to be the greater purpose of the divine resolve or even that of a social Darwinism like policy that made those of Caucasian/ Anglo-Saxon origin to be the greater race and everyone one else whether they be of African, Native American, Asian or Spanish descent seen as less than. This is mentioned only to bring up the status at which many minorities are at today. Blacks and Hispanics in the work force and some fields of academia are still underrepresented and are treated unfairly today. According to author Barbra Mackinnon, â€Å"In 2004, Black men earned only 74.5 percent and Hispanic men only 63.2 perc ent of what white men earned† (Mackinnon). This discrimination doesn’t just stop at race but goes as far as gender as well in which we have made clear the inequities between men and women in employment opportunity and wages. Walls of inequality are set up are around various groups and in this day and age one of the best standards by which we can all have equal opportunity is education. Education has provided the perfect measuring stick to which the intellectual mind is the only deciding factorShow MoreRelatedRacism, Prejudice and Discrimination617 Words   |  2 Pagesantisemitism means prejudice against or hatred of Jews. In 1933 the Nazis rose to power and the party ordered anti-Jewish boycotts, destruction of Jewish property, and created many laws to prevent Jewish German citizens from doing certain things. In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws were created and they decided to separate the Aryans and the â€Å"non-Aryans,† which led to a â€Å"racist hierarchy† in Germany. While this was happening, many Germans tolerated the hate crimes and did nothing to stop the discrimination. PeopleRead MoreRacism, Discrimination, And Prejudice1458 Words   |  6 PagesRacism, discrimination, and prejudice. When most people in America see those words, their first thought is our country’s past relationship with slavery. According to Cunion, slavery is â€Å"the institution of human bondage, in which individuals are held against their will in the service of another.† In the movie 12 Years a Slave, we see the unforgiving truths about everything that came along with slavery. Living in Saratoga, New York, 1841, along with his wife and two kids, Solomon Northup is a freeRead MoreRacism, Prejudice, And Discrimination1031 Words   |  5 Pages The movie we watched to see ageism was Up. The definition of ageism, from Meriam Webster, is prejudice or discrimination against a particular age-group, especially the elderly. In my opinion, we can also see it against young people. We can see when a job is hiring, they might not hire someone because they are too young, and they might think they are unprofessional. We can also see ageism in the Bible. Proverbs 23:22 says, â€Å"Listen to your father who begot you, and do not despise your mother whenRead MoreRacism : Racial Discrimination And Prejudice1556 Words   |  7 Pages Racism has become about only blacks and whites like those are the only races. I am also a Hispanic female, and I disagree that African-Americans and Americans should be the only ones in the media every time something happens. The quotes from the film were blasted all over the Internet. What about things happening with other races? We never think about major things like this. People act like racism only happens within these two races. We have other minorities and races, so should it be okay for everyoneRead More Racism, Prejudice, and Discrimination in the Workplace Essay483 Words   |  2 PagesRacism, Prejudice, and Discrimination in the Workplace The workplace, including its composition and internal organization, is subjected to extensive regulation by the state. The civil society and its voluntary associations, have in fact, an important function with regards to workplace matters. In particular, they serve as a buffer against the state and an autonomous domain. Without them, differences and individual voices can eventually challenge the prevailing political order. ButRead MoreThe Oxford Dictionary Defines Racism As â€Å"Prejudice, Discrimination,1133 Words   |  5 PagesOxford Dictionary defines racism as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one s own race is superior.† If further defines the same as â€Å"The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.† (Oxford Diction aries | English, 2017).There are different types of racism based on religion, nationalityRead MoreRacism, Prejudice, Or Discrimination Against Someone Else Of A Different Race Or Religion?1226 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is defined as â€Å"Prejudice, or discrimination against someone else of a different race or religion.†(Dictionary.com) The way literature approaches racism is by the way they display the characters within the story. Since the author won’t get through to people if they just simply say that a person was racist, they use characters such as Tom Robinson from To Kill a Mocking Bird. Or from a modern point of view, racism isn’t always up front to someone’s face it can also be from social media, becauseRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird vs a Raisin in the Sun1396 Words   |  6 Pagesis a novel about how prejudice and discrimination can lead to an innocent man being convicted of a crime he didn’t commit just because of his skin color. A Ra isin in the Sun is a play about how the value of a family can overcome racism in a new town and allow a family to prosper, even in the worst conditions. However, both of these works deal with racism and discrimination in similar ways. Conversely, Harper Lee, being a white author, cannot portray believable accounts of racism and black oppressionRead MoreThe American Dream : An Unfortunate Nightmare1235 Words   |  5 PagesNightmare Institutionalized racism: the big elephant in the room. By definition, institutionalized racism is â€Å"Any action, intentional or unintentional, that is based on race or skin color and that subordinates an individual or group based on skin color or race is racism† says professor Vernellia R. Randall( cite). Institutionalized racism exist in ever facet of our society. They’re many cases where a decision was made based on someones race. For example: discrimination in the housing market. EspeciallyRead MoreThe Psychology Behind Prejudice : Humans Attitude1089 Words   |  5 Pages The Psychology behind Prejudice: Humans’ Attitude Jacinda Knudtson Antelope Valley College Abstract Prejudice is an opinion in which is not based on any reasoning, and may cause harm. Prejudice can be seen just about anywhere, and it affects our daily lives. There are many different ways a person can show prejudice beliefs, but why do they believe things they have never experience? Some may say it’s something personal with one’s self that causes prejudice thoughts, or some may think

Project Report on Corporate Finance free essay sample

We have taken efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and help of many individuals and organization and for it we would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. We are highly indebted to our teacher for her guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing the necessary information and their support for the completion of project. We would like to express our gratitude towards Ms.Shegorika lalchandani and our parents for their kind cooperation and encouragement which help us in completing the project. We are grateful to industry persons to give us special attention and their precious time. Our thank and appreciations also go to my colleague in developing the project and people who have willingly helped us out with their abilities. Company Profile:- Larsen Toubro Limited (LT) is a technology, engineering, construction and manufacturing company. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Report on Corporate Finance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is one of the largest and most respected companies in Indias private sector.ECC – the Engineering Construction and Contracts Division of L;T is India’s largest construction organization with over 60 years of experience and expertise in the field. ECC figures among the World’s Top Contractors and ranks 35th among top global contractors and 60th among international contractors as per the survey conducted by Engineering News magazine, USA (August 2008). Many of the country’s prized landmarks – its exquisite buildings, tallest structures, largest airports/ industrial projects, longest flyovers, highest viaducts, longest pipelines including many other benchmark projects have been built by ECC.ECC’s leading edge capabilities cover every discipline of construction: civil, mechanical, electrical and instrumentation engineering and services extend to all core sector industries and Infrastructure projects. ECC is equipped with the requisite expert ise and wide-ranging experience to undertake Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) projects with single source responsibility. Contracts are executed using state of the art design tools and project management techniques from concept to commissioning. ECC Divisions head quarters in Chennai, India. In India, 7 Regional Offices and over 250 project sites.

Who wants to be a millionaire Essay Example

Who wants to be a millionaire? Paper So, what can we define as quality perhaps, and is there a difference between commercial and non-commercial broadcasters through programming content? Quality can be stereotypically defined in terms of television broadcasting content as something that emits high standard programming, which can be culturally, educationally or informative in its nature. Commercial television this way has been attacked and criticised, and to a certain extent, the BBC has as well (having to adapt the contents of its programming in response to commercial television). Ian Connell who wrote an article titled Tales and the tellyland: the popular press and television in the UK, in a book by Peter Dahlgren and Colin Sparks called Communication and Citizenship, said Briefly stated, the concern is that in a variety of ways informative, in-depth and investigative journalism is being marginalized not just in tabloid press, but also in the broadsheets, as well as in television. In its place, there is an increasing volume of material on aspects of out lives that are thought of as largely unessential. We will write a custom essay sample on Who wants to be a millionaire? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Who wants to be a millionaire? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Who wants to be a millionaire? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By allowing the proliferation of channels, and the wider access advertisers gained over air time on television, the more programming quality is dumbed down, according to the mess society approach. BBC radio also experienced similar problems, when radio Luxembourg, a pirate radio who according to A Crisell was again eating into the BBCs audience. Play popular music off the shores of the UK, meant that they were out of UK jurisdiction law, therefore able to transmit popular tastes and popular music over the airwaves very easily. So again, Reith would have pointed by not allowing the brute force of the monopoly, that commercial broadcasting would lead to mass cheap entertainment, with poor quality programming being shown. But, there are doubts to this concern that is held over commercial broadcasting as dumbing down content. The pluralist argument, critiques the mass society and traditional view of commercial broadcasting, say primarily that the public has to make its own choice. Reith was seen as very paternalistic in his nature. He dictated content, never allowing the public to view what they want. The Pluralist argument then would seem to suggest that people do have the option of watching most, if not all types of programmes they want to watch, as choice is now available to them. The monopoly status of the BBC was may have been culturally sound, but to some extent was suffocating and restrictive over its content. Sky television and the cable networks have provided much more choice then would have previously been imagined. And with the launch of the new digital service in, more then 200 channels are now available to those that subscribe the Australian owned company. We are beginning therefore to see a digi-see culture. Although channels on sky television are primarily populist, it also caters for minorities as well as certain interests. Zee tv, caters for the UKs Asian population, and channels like the discovery channel, history channel e. t. c. all have educational value. Also, the broadcasting act of 1990, changed ITV dramatically. When the ITC took over from the IBA and cable authority as the new regulatory body, and according to K Williams The bidders had to satisfy the ITC that their programme proposals passed a quality threshold and their business projections made sense. So this further dispelled the idea that commercial television was dumb down programme content in Britain. ITV in particular is heavily regulated, so this meant that this meant that could only show a limited amount of populist programming. So, to reiterate the question Has the presence of commercially driven broadcasting in Britain necessarily led to a dumbing down of programming content, it would seem plausible to think that it doesnt. Although there is more popular entertainment on television these days, the proliferation of channels has resulted in the growth of and representation of minority groups. Many channels that sky broadcast have educational value, e. g. the discovery channel for example. And whos to say that programmes cannot be educational and entertaining at the same time. Programmes such as Who wants to be a millionaire? or Fifteen to one all provide us with general knowledge and at the same time keep us entertained. Perhaps competition in broadcasting has meant that broadcasters now supply programmes for everyone. When the BBC acted as a monopoly, it was to restrictive over its content. Domination of programmes of a certain nature, would not be able to diversify and appeal to the mass crowds. Multiculturalism would not have been promoted through TV, if the BBC, had remained a monopoly. Also, it has transcended national boundaries, making programming more international, and the concept of the global village becoming more of reality as we move into this new era of globalisation. Programming content is now much more diverse then it has ever been catering to many people needs and wants. The audience is more active then passive as one may have been. So, to sum up then, commercially driven broadcasting has not necessarily led to a dumbing down of programming content, rather diversified it appealing to more minorities and groups of people, specifying and segregating the audience, as to cater for all needs that public wants fulfilling. Bibliography: Cardiff D, Scannell P (1987) Broadcasting and national unity-in; Curran J et al, Impacts and Influences, Essays on media power in the twentieth century, ch7, pg157-159 Williams, K (1998) Get me a murder a day: A history of mass communication in Britain, ch9, pg 182, ch11 pg 248 Connell, I (1997) Tales of tellland: the popular press and television in the UK-in; Dahlgren P, Sparks, C, Communication and Citizenship pg236 Crisell, A (1997) An introductory history of British broadcasting ch3, ch7 pg138, ch10 and 11.

17 Funny Halloween Quotes to Make You Laugh

17 Funny Halloween Quotes to Make You Laugh Halloween is a festival of chills and thrills. Gear up to meet people in bizarre costumes. Join the Halloween celebration with your own brand of freaky fetish. Bake skull cookies, mix dragon blood beverages, and eat eyeball scones. Surprise your guests with funny Halloween quotes scribbled on your wall as graffiti. You can make your Halloween party a memorable one with a touch of creativity. Halloween Around the World Halloween traditions vary by geography. If you are in Austria, you would probably leave some bread and water for the departed souls. Ireland, from where Halloween is said to originate, celebrates Halloween in spectacular style. Visit Dublin, Ireland, for the Halloween festival fiesta. In the U.S., Halloween is second only to Christmas. Children go door-to-door in spooky costumes, collecting treats from friendly neighbors. Adults have â€Å"Halloween nights† with themed parties and pumpkin pies. The Swedish like to celebrate Halloween by remembering their deceased friends and relatives. Honoring the dead by lighting candles by their graves is the Swedish Halloween tradition. Other countries like Russia, Mexico, Sweden, Germany, Japan, and Madagascar also celebrate Halloween in their own unique way. Whatever country you are in, make sure that you have a fun-filled Halloween night. Here are some funny Halloween quotes to get you into the spooky mood! Halloween Quotations Rita Rudner Halloween was confusing. All my life my parents said, Never take candy from strangers. And then they dressed me up and said, Go beg for it. I didn’t know what to do! I’d knock on people’s doors and go, Trick or treat. No, thank you. Fernando Pessoa Look, theres no metaphysics on earth like chocolates. Jean Baudrillard There is nothing funny about Halloween. This sarcastic festival reflects, rather, an infernal demand for revenge by children on the adult world. Rodney Dangerfield On Halloween, the parents sent their kids out looking like me. Richard Harris Barham Ghosts, like ladies, never speak till spoke to. Lloyd Douglas If a man harbors any sort of fear, it makes him landlord to a ghost. Miguel de Cervantes Fear has many eyes and can see things underground. Anonymous Ill bet living in a nudist colony takes all the fun out of Halloween. Nina Willis Walter The witches flyAcross the sky,The owls go, Who? Who? Who?The black cats yowlAnd green ghosts howl,Scary Halloween to you! Scottish Saying From ghoulies and ghosties and long-leggedy beasties and things that go bump in the night, Good Lord, deliver us! Steve Almond Nothing on Earth so beautiful as the final haul on Halloween night. Dee Snider Halloween is huge in my house and we really get into the spirits of things. Conan OBrien This Halloween the most popular mask is the Arnold Schwarzenegger mask. And the best part? With a mouth full of candy you will sound just like him. George Carlin There are nights when the wolves are silent and only the moon howls. Henry David Thoreau I would rather sit on a pumpkin and have it all to myself than be crowded on a velvet cushion. Mark Twain Everyone is a moon and has a dark side, which he never shows to anybody. Drew Carey I see my face in the mirror and go, Im a Halloween costume? Thats what they think of me? Source Morrison, Patt. Halloween is turning into a worldwide holiday. Why do so many people love to be scared? Los Angeles Times, October 31, 2018.

Japans change from being an isolationist state essays

Japans change from being an isolationist state essays Japan was a bright comet suddenly tracing a path across the sky, exploding into the vision of an outside world that for centuries had hardly taken notice of it (Duus 3). While most nations to the west of the land of the rising sun took time to reach their position as a superpower, Japan accomplished the task in a period of a generation. As a result of Commodore Perrys arrival on the island nation along with other European nations forcing Japan into commerce with the West, Japan had completely altered its entire structure of government, culture, and military. Japan had seen the power and strength of the western nations and reorganized itself to mirror these superpowers. The Meiji Restoration period brought about many changes to the traditionalist way of existence on the island, and the incorporation of these new and western ideas was quicker than anyone could have expected. Before the West knew what had occurred, Japan had built itself up a military and government that vied with a ny European nation. It was, in fact, the influence of the West that changed Japan from an isolationist state into the militaristic superpower it had become in the first half of the twentieth century. Before the arrival of Commodore Perry and his fleet, Japan did virtually no trade with outside countries. A few Chinese ships were allowed in here and there, along with a handful of Dutch merchants, but save for those few, the nation of Japan was a mystery to the Western world. Except for the few Dutch, all Europeans had been expelled from the island since 1640. In this time period, the Tokugawa shogunate had ruled over Japan, and the nation enjoyed a long period of peace (Colton and Palmer 544). This peace was lucrative to some Japanese, and yet was an unbeneficial period of history for others. The merchant class was second from the bottom rung in Japanese society next to the common foot soldier, and yet though this period of peace...

Physiology research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Physiology - Research Paper Example In this regard, the articles primary focus was to establish the functioning underlying the aforementioned cellular mechanism. To this end, one of the methods used was electrophysiology in which all the procedures were concordant to the OHSU IACUC guidelines. This method was soon followed by a procedural process of perforated-patch recordings. The third method or procedure entailed targeted iontophoresis of Ni2+ or Na+. The primary chemicals used in the process were Alexa Fluor 594 hydrazide Na+ salt and Fluo-5F pentapotassium salt derived from Invitrogen. GF-109203X and (-) –Quinpirole hydrochloride were from Tocris Bioscience (Ellisville,MO,USA), NBQX, R-CPP, D- AP5, and SR95531 were derived from Ascent Bristol. The remaining chemicals were derived from Sigma-Aldrich. Finally, all the statistical data were tabulated as means  ± standard error of the mean (SEM). In addition, an ANOVA in tandem with a Mann-Whitney U test was used. Furthermore, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test were changed to cumulatice probability distributions. To this end, the findings indicated that calcium-permeable ion channels played a pertinent role in the generation of spontaneous bursts within the auditory brainstem neurons. In this regard, the research exhibited that T-type Ca 2+ channels that were concentrated on the site of action potential initiation in the axon initial area plays a pertinent role in the spontaneous burst creations. Moreover, the calcium influx resulting evident as a block in the auditory system neuron was enough in the conversion of neurons bursting spontaneously within the neurons that fired and exhibited a regular pattern. Evidently, within the auditory brainstem interneurons, the influx of axon initial segment is down-regulated selectively through signalling of dopamine. The research equally showed that the block of calcium could be mediated through the assistance of the

World History of the 18-19th century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

World History of the 18-19th century - Essay Example Gandhi’s view on the meaning of civilization was particularly shaped by the socio-economic events of the 19th century. Some of the events included the period of Enlightenment, American Revolution, and Industrial revolution and Western imperialism. Having undergone his education in London, Gandhi understood the western culture and consequently his views tended to compare between the Western civilization and the Indian civilization (Hardiman, 45). Throughout the book, Gandhi argues that the stability and development of a civilization, it should be free from any state of isolation. Unlike other Asian scholars of the time, Gandhi was opposed to the perception that Western civilization was superior to other civilizations and argued that it is a process that every culture must gradually go through. He also believed that civilization destroys morality and religion and came to the conclusion that â€Å"Immorality may sometime be taught in the name of morality†. Generally, the n arrative best captures the general perceptions of the events such as the Industrial revolution during the 19th century.As evidenced in the changes in English economic and social life after the industrial revolution, the revolution was more of a causatory factor than a co-relative factor for the changes witnessed in the 19th century. The transition after the industrial revolution caused a number of changes in the British society. For example as production becomes mechanized, many people migrated to the urban centers leading to increased urbanization. On the other hand, the quick urbanization in turn caused a number of social problems such as increased crime rates and poor sanitation. Generally the industrial revolution that was first witnessed in Britain significantly resulted in the conversion of the socioeconomic order of the time and some of the changes that took place eventually led the way for the industrialization in other parts of Europe and North America. Consequently industr ialization was not a co-relative factor but was a major causatory factor for most of the socio-economic changes witnessed in the 19th century.  

Stallings Culture of the Savannah River Valley Assignment

Stallings Culture of the Savannah River Valley - Assignment Example The names island is situated eight miles from Georgia. Since the 1850s, archeologists have been reviewing the site and eventually proved that the site is one of the utmost significant locations in the history of United States (Sassaman 79-104). Over the past 140 years, more than 12 excavations have been conducted on the island by archeologists and looters. The existence of intensive prehistoric habitation, shell mound, and archeological deposits makes Stallings culture as important. The author, Kenneth E. Sassaman has tried to focus on the activity of the people of the Shoals. The first argument of the author is to present a story about the fall and rise of the Stallings culture. The second argument is to discuss the story of archeology which helps to enlighten the history of Stallings. The author wants to highlight the Stallings culture and bring it back to life with archeological interpretations and excavations. The Stallings culture has gained attention for many decades by archeological. This is mainly due to its setting within a place and time of many archeological deposits such as soapstone artifacts and fiber-tempered pottery. The author vividly described the reason behind the importance and flourish of Stallings culture for over 300 years. The author initiates with the argument of the population of the South-east coast and America. Kenneth explains the history of the Late Archaic culture of the Savannah River valley with a chart. The chart is based on the radiocarbon age. The Stallings fiber-tempered pottery and its technologies are introduced by the author to provide evidence on the importance of Stallings culture. Kenneth also focuses on defining the geographical, typological and chronological parameters ceramics as an evidence to focus on the Stallings culture. Several controversial theories of the people of Stallings have been offered by Kenneth.

Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels

Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels The 1998 film Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels was directed and written by Guy Ritchie who would eventually create the reboot of the solid blockbuster series, Sherlock Holmes. His earlier movie is about four criminal friends who are roped into three dramatic events in their life that are going on at the same time. This film is very unique because of the simultaneous structure of the plot tied together with parallel editing. It has so many things to enjoy about it: the atmospheric East London locations, the lush visuals, and the distinctive camera angles employed by Ritchie. Everything in this film catches the eye. Ritchie’s movie is a thrill to watch because he keeps you constantly on edge. The theme of the film is about karma and the way fate plays its fickle finger on the characters’ lives. If the characters in the film have a certain set of moral standards, then their future fates are left to decide whether or not they live or die. If a person is of an â€Å"honorable† background (at least within the code of thieves) or has moral beliefs in loyalty to his friends, in the end they will triumph over the darker elements of the criminal underworld. As you watch the film, you start to understand that some of the characters in this film aren’t exactly great people but they are decent enough to do the right thing for themselves and for their friends in the end. The film starts off with four close friends: Eddy (Nick Moran), Tom (Jason Flemyng), Bacon (Jason Stathom), and Soap (Dexter Fletcher). They are getting 100,000 euro notes so that Eddy can get into one of the many sleazy card games put on by porn mogul Harry â€Å"the Hatchet† Lonsdale (played by P. H. Moriarty.) Harry botches the game so that Eddy losses the 100,000 that he handed them to enter. Now he has to pay an additional amount of 400,000 euros. Harry tells Eddy that he wants the money to be given to him at the end of a full week or else he’ll have to deal with his East End enforcers. This is the inciting action that triggers the entire plot. How are these friends going to raise that huge amount of money? This inspires a great mix of dark comedy and violence for the rest of the film. After several days with no luck acquiring the funds, Eddy comes home and overhears his neighbors, a gang of crooks led by a man named Dog played by Frank Harper. The gang is planning a robbery on some pot growers who may be loaded not only with drugs but the needed money to solve the debt problem. Eddy sends this information to his long-time pals. He is intending for them to rob the shady neighbors as they come back from the theft of the marijuana dealers. The gang of four installs taping equipment to monitor the neighbors. Tom obtains a pair of antique shotguns from a black market dealer, known as Nick the Greek (Steven Marcus) who also strikes a deal with Rory Breaker (Vas Blackwood), a sociopathic gangster, to buy the stolen drugs. Nick had purchased the guns from a pair of foolish small time criminals, Gary and Dean, who in turn had stolen them from a bankrupt British lord as part of a job for Harry â€Å"the Hatchet.† None of the characters realize that, of the entire stolen firearms collection, Harry’s only desire was those two extremely valuable antique shotguns now in the hands of Tom. After learning the guns had been sold, an enraged Barry â€Å"the Baptist,† Harry’s personal bodyguard, threatens the two idiots into getting them back. The plot thickens, pointing towards future mayhem. As a sad trivia aside, the film was dedicated to Lenny McLean who performed Barry â€Å"the Baptist.† Mr. McLean had died of cancer only one month before the film’s premie re. The neighbors robbery gets underway according to schedule. Despite the death of a gang member stupidly by his own gun and a shaky chance encounter with a traffic cop, the job against the pot dealers is a success. Thinking they’re finally safe when the crooks arrive back at their London apartment, that neighbor gang is ambushed by our four friends. They take the neighbor’s looted money and return later that night to stash the goods next door. It is now time for a crazy night of celebratory drinking. Socio Rory discovers that the drugs he was going to buy were actually stolen from him. The marijuana growers were in his employees. Rory interrogates/tortures Nick into telling where the four friends live. Meanwhile, furious about their loss, Dog throws one of his men through the wall of their apartment. They discover the taping equipment on the other side and eventually all the stolen money and drugs. As Dog counts the money, the crooked neighbors prepare an ambush. Meanwhile Gary and Dean, trying to recover the antique shotguns, call on a traumatized Nick, who directs them to the same apartment address. Big Chris, Harrys debt collector, leaves with his son to the same destination as the four friends drive home from their bar crawl. Fate has played all the cards on the fortunes of all the characters. This will be the climax of the plot. Rory and his gang assault the apartment and have a shootout with the neighbors, resulting in the deaths of all but Dog and Winston, Rory’s chemist. Winston makes off with the marijuana. Dog is robbed by Big Chris of the shotguns and money during his escape. Gary and Dean spot Big Chris with the guns and hastily follow him, while the four friends return to find their loot missing. Big Chris gives the guns and cash to Harry, but on his return to the car he finds Dog threatening to kill his son if he doesnt retrieve the money. Desperate to get the guns, Gary and Dean attack Harry and Barry at their office, not knowing what Harry looks like and not noticing Barry until after he retaliates. Within seconds all four men are dead. The four friends are arrested, but confirmed to be innocent after the traffic cop identified Dogs dead gang as the primary suspects. When they retreat back to the bar, they discover Tom is out on a mission to throw the priceless shotguns off a bridge into the River Thames. In looking at a catalog of antiques, the friends learn the guns are worth thousands of dollars. As they try to call, Tom puts the phone in his mouth and the film ends with him trying to throw the shotguns off the bridge that he failed throwing the first time. Now, with the guns are on a ledge and the phone is in Tom’s mouth, the film concludes with Tom not knowing what to do next. The movie fades to black in a hilarious cliffhanger making for a perfect ending The emotional tone of the film is that of fear, remorsefulness, and giddy happiness. Another emotional quality felt is ironic surprise. The irony that the characters have to face in nearly every scene is hilarious. The film has a delightfully quirky dark comedic quality. It always puts these characters that you sometimes feel sorry and sympathize, in uneasy situations that they have to pry their way out some manner. Similar and comparable films that share this unique gallows humor include Pulp Fiction and Reservoir Dogs. The structure of the film is fairly straightforward following a chronological development of the plot. There was one scene where Ritchie uses flash-forward in his story telling. The sequence involves a car crash. Then the next scene was about the same car crash only it details how it happened and who it happened too. It is a clever use of time manipulation. The musical soundtrack is mostly previously released music that wasn’t originally orchestrated for the film. The score contains a wide variety of music from rock to reggae with songs including â€Å"The Boss† and â€Å"The Payback† by James Brown, â€Å"Spooky† by Dusty Springfield, â€Å"Liar, Liar† by The Castaways, â€Å"I Wanna Be Your Dog† by The Stooges, and â€Å"Walk This Land (Remix)† by Ez Rollers. The use of these musical hits from the 1960s and 1970s is diverse and brilliant. The cinematography by director of photography, Tim Maurice-Jones, is excellent. The most memorable parts include the POV (point of view) camera sequence on Eddie when he is in disarray having just lost all of the money. When Harry dramatically dies, the production team slows things down. You can see the brutal action unfold while time is now going at a much slower intense pace using Slo Mo, a signature Ritchie technique later used in his successful Sherlock Holmes series. Also there is a sequence where a chunk of one of the robber’s hair is completely blown off. The way Maurice-Jones and Ritchie used smoke and lighting in that â€Å"hair-raising† moment was pretty charming. It was reminiscent of those old slap stick cartoons where something ungodly happens to a character. You think the cartoon character is badly damaged but they just have a slight burn or minor scratch. This film has to be one of the best films I’ve seen recently. It is an exciting take on the crime world and how most criminals get the barrel in the end. The film is stunningly balanced between being humorous and serious at the same time. Its use as a â€Å"hyperlink cinema† piece is one for the books. Ritchie does an excellent job in connecting all the different stories, playing with time, and interweaving surprising plot twists. He makes you feel joy when you like a certain character from a different part of the story. Then you see them interact with a dangerous character, you had no idea would ever see him or her again. He creates a feeling of immense tension. The film is a tightly constructed masterpiece. Ritchie’s movie just does not stop for a second. It is full of refreshingly dark humor and filmed with real style and flair. Like a great book, I didn’t want it to end. That is how much I enjoyed this film. You feel such a connection with the story and with the characters. In the paltry 107 minutes this movie is played, you want to watch these characters lives played out even more. Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels has a certain message or moral: to never be too greedy and always try to stick to an ethical path otherwise you might get the heat of life in the end. There are not moral choices being made in this movie. But nevertheless, there are moral people in this story. Even though they do bad things and sometimes pay dearly for it, their hearts are in the right place. Sometimes. Let’s just pray they won’t get into any trouble next time.

Benito Mussolinis Rise and Fall to Power :: World War II History

Benito Mussolini's Rise and Fall to Power Benito Mussolini had a large impact on World War II. He wasn't always a powerful dictator though. At first he was a school teacher and a socialist journalist. He later married Rachele Guide and had 5 children. He was the editor of the Avanti, which was a socialist party newspaper in Milan. Benito Mussolini founded the Fasci di Combattimento on March of 1919. "This was a nationalistic, anti liberal, and anti socialist movement. This movement attracted mainly the lower middle class."1 Fascism was spreading across Europe. Mussolini was winning sympathy from King Victor Emmanuel III. Mussolini then threatened to march on Rome. This persuaded King Victor Emmanuel III to invite Mussolini to join a coalition, which strongly helped him gain more power. Benito Mussolini brought Austria on Germany's side by a formal alliance. "In 1937, he accepted a German alliance. The name of this alliance was the Anti Comntern Pact. On April 13, 1937 Benito Mussolini annexed Albania. He then told the British ambassador that not even the bribe of France and North Africa would keep him neutral."2 The British ambassador was appalled and dismayed. On May 28, 1937, Mussolini strongly gave thought to declaring war. He then attacked the Riviera across the Maritime. "On September 13, 1937 he opened an offensive into British-garrisoned Egypt from Libya."3 On October 4, 1937, while the offensive still seemed to promise success, Benito Mussolini met Adolf Hitler at the Brenner Pass, on their joint frontier. "The two of them discussed how the war in the Mediterranean, Britain's principal foothold outside its island base, might be turned to her decisive disadvantage. Hitler suggested to Mussolini that Spain might be coaxed on the axis side, thus giving Germany free use of the British Rock of Gibraltar, by offering Franco part of French North Africa, and that France might be persuaded to accept that concession by compensation with parts of British West Africa".4 Mussolini seemed enthusiastic and very understandable why this was the case, since this scheme included the gaining of Tunis, Corsica, and Nice (annexed by Napoleon III in 1860) from France. Hitler then hurried home to his house in Berlin to arrange visits to Franco and Petan. "Back in the capital Hitler created a letter to Stalin inviting Molotov, the Soviet Foreign Minister, to visit early, when Germany and the U.S.S.R. might then agree among themselves how to profit from Britain not having a defense.

Post-Industrialism, Summary

The sense of economic transformation within the western industrial economies had been present since the 1970s. Some say we are entering into a post-industrial era. That is, leaving behind the the world of industrialism and its imagery – the factories, the heavy machinery and overalled men. Others say we are looking at one specific form of industry disappearing – that of mass production, a Fordist manufacture.Neo – or post-Fordist society (as another discourse), is all together a different kind of economy; one which is organized around flexible forms of production, which is becoming important as a means of responding to the greater diversity of consumer demand and fragmented market tastes. To put it simply, it is a change from a ‘mass’ to a ‘pluralistic’ kind of society. Economies are always in a state of change, but they are less often in the midst of a radical shift in the direction of the economy.What characterizes this radical shift i s firstly in its interconnected nature of such changes, what happens in one part of the economy effects upon the rest of the economy. Secondly it implies that a different set of dynamics is driving an economy. For instance, with the rise of post-industrialism, it is claimed that a new kind of dynamic – the generation of knowledge and the control of information, has displaced the dynamics of manufacturing technologies and the making of things. In this article it introduces 4 main theorists and their characterization of this radical shift of the economy. Post-Industrial SocietyThe idea of a post-industrial society first took hold in the US in the 1960s. Daniel Bell clearly outlined the nature of this transition. He adopted a ‘stages’ model of development which identified three phases of economic progress: a pre-industrial – dominated by agriculture, an industrial – manufacturing and a post-industrial, that he suggests we have entered is dominated by s ervices. According to Bell, the general direction of economic change is towards a service economy. He also suggests the concept of ‘axial principles’ which refers to the mechanisms or dynamics that give shape to an economy.In a post-industrial society, knowledge and information is the driving force that stimulate economic growth, it also takes the form of a final product – reams of information. Bell also pointed out the consequences of this new economic dynamic. 1. 1. Shift in the kinds of work that people do. From manual, manufacturing jobs to non-manual work in the service sector, where people no longer work upon things but work with each other to deliver a service. 2. 2. Shift in the occupational structure as manual jobs give way to white-collar and professional occupations. Skills and physical work requiring strength -> ‘think’ work. . 3. The emergence of a new class, the knowledge elites. As knowledge and information are the key sources of a post-industrial society, and they are the ones who control those resources. The intellectual work would be specialized, the new hierarchies of technical elites will be formed alongside the increased professionalization of work and the bureaucratization of ‘think' work. Alain Touraine also discussed about the post-industrialism. Like Bell, he also gave central place to the control of knowledge and information and identified the agents of change, the ones with control of knowledge as a ‘technocracy’.However at this point, they differ in their treatment of social conflict. In Touraine's analysis, there will be a new social divide between technocrats and bureaucrats on one hand, and a range of social groups such as workers, students and consumers on the other hand. This division is because the principal opposition between social group is no longer stem from the ownership and control of private property, but from access to information and its uses. So, the dominant cla ss would have power over the livelihood and lifestyle, not only in the sphere of economic production.Because of this, the social conflict and the social movement in post-industrial society will also be changed to that they are not so related to industry or particular material needs. New types of social movements such as environmental and feminist movements that are beyond the class politics will take form. Whereas Touraine sees post-industrial society as a setting in which the lack of power among certain social groups provides a basis for new lines of social resistance, Bell identifies a contradiction between the economic and the cultural realms of post-industrialism.While there is still a protestant work ethic, the committed, hard working spirit which also focused on economic efficiency, Bell points out that this is now at odds with the desire for a more hedonistic lifestyle, supported by overall material sufficiency, and the new emerging culturally expressive, individualistic life style of the post-modern culture. The Information Society Daniel Bell is again, a key contributor to the debate of information society, saying that this is a recent expression of post-industrial society.He claimed that the information society rested upon a knowledge theory of value. This means that knowledge has replaced productive labour as the source of value that creates future profits. Here, knowledge and its application is the resource, and this is integrated with the adoption of new information technologies which can reshape the ways we consume and produce, as well as where we perform these activities. However for Bell, information is regarded more than a resource but also a commodity which can be bought and sold in the market.This leads to the emergence of information occupations – consisting of professional, technical workers concerned with the production, processing and distribution of information. Manuel Castells also draws his opinion on the information-based socie ty. But he argues that information society is not necessarily matching with post-industrial society which the manufacturing sector is being replaced by the service sector. Rather, he identifies the role of knowledge and use of information as the ‘dynamics’ of the coming society. Knowledge, is both the base of production and the outcome of production.That means knowledge, as a resource and commodity in its own right, is a central means of improving economic performance and intensifies the process of economic innovation. Castells also identified the role of the new technologies enabling multinational companies to operate in new ways. The development of communication technologies, management system and technologies of production gave them opportunities to work in a more ‘footloose’ way. They joined multiple networks with other companies which enabled them to develop products jointly or serve specific markets.What Castells saw here was the concentration of powe r (information) among a knowledge elite in the corporations. Where, on the one hand, automation of low-skilled jobs especially among the workforce in maufacturing was undergoing. In other words, he distinguished a trend towards the polarization and segmentation of the social structure. The Divided Society Andre Gorz defined the change in the structure of employment and the change in the role of work in the post-industrial society. He claimed that there is a social division of secure, well-paid workers and a growing mass of the unemployed.In between them are the new post-industiral working class whom the work is no longer meaningful nor of any identity. In his view, the source of the problem is the emergence of new technologies that brought about automation at the workplace. It left the people with no jobs, creating ‘jobless growth’. If this continues, it would decrease the quality of the remaining working class jobs even more. Work in this sense, is just an instrumental activity for the majority. To earn money but with no satisfaction or content. Here we see a similar picture with that of Castells’s, the segmentation of the workforce.A privileged minority who obtains and controls the information and a casualized and marginalized majority of the working class. Gorz identifies this vision by referring to a society polarized between an emergent ‘servile’ class and a securely employed, professional class. The economic elites can now purchase at low cost the services that they’ve been capable of doing by themselves in the past such as domestic work. So the working class moves in to this service sector to ‘serve’ the economic elites. Their jobs – the new service jobs, lack dignity and are often not even considered as real jobs.And this line of argument by Gorz thus stresses a growing social inequality as a marking feature of post-industrialism. Conclusion ; Summary Despite the different aspects that these w riters each concentrated on, they agree on the fact that post-industrialism signals a number of distinguishing changes. Shift away from industrialism, a shift in the number of manufacturing economies to a service base. The growth of new occupations leading the economy, the white collar, professionals also categorized as knowledge elites. Gorz puts an emphasis here, on the fate of a deskilled working class forced to serve these elites.And the social and economic polarization that is also part of the general direction of the change. Lastly the shift in the types of social movements. From the attention on industrial forms of class politics to something beyond what we call class politics. Such as the green movement. If we refer to the beginning again, we can see it is not just a change, but a radical shift of the economy – the interconnected nature and changes in the dynamics of the economy. In this case, what all 4 writers agree on is that information and knowledge has become th e dynamics, the driving force of our economy.

Stalins Five-year plan essays

Stalin's Five-year plan essays Joseph Stalin, leader of Russia (1928-1953), created a Five-Year Plan that included methods and goals which were detrimental to Russian agriculture in 1928. Stalin wanted to transform individual farms into large collective farms because he saw that the government was losing money to private traders. This required that the majority of farmers would have to work and live together on large state-run farms. Through these farms Stalin hoped to increase agricultural productivity, to create grain reserves for Russia, and to free many peasants for industrial work in the cities. In order to begin collectivization Stalin had about 5 million wealthier peasants, or kulaks, deported and/or killed and their equipment and livestock sent to collective farms. Many of the remaining peasants were forced into collective farms to work where they faced disease, starvation, and death. The effects of Stalin's collectivization resulted in mass disruption of agricultural productivity and incalculable hu man losses. The decision to collectivize the farming sector had its origins in the grain crisis of 1928. Private traders offered better grain prices than the government did . "It was calculated that the prices of agricultural products in private trade, which in 1927-1928 exceeded the official prices by about 40 per cent, were almost double the official prices in the following year" . Due to the increase in private trade, the government began providing bread cards to workers only . Stalin realized a new system had to be devised in order to protect the governments' interests. One problem that was suppose to be solved through the Five-Year Plan was the methods of farming. Only two methods of farming were recognized in the Plan, the state farms and the co-operative farms. The state farm, also known as solkhozes, "contained the state-employed peasants, whose produce was directly destined for the State" . The co-operative farms, otherwise known as...

The Indispensable Interjection Oh

The Indispensable Interjection Oh The Indispensable Interjection â€Å"Oh† The Indispensable Interjection â€Å"Oh† By Mark Nichol An interjection is one or more words uttered or written as an exclamation or an expression of emotion. I already provided a lifetime supply of them in a previous post, but here are some additional notes about one of the most ubiquitous of them all: oh. Whether this all-purpose exclamation is followed by a comma or not depends on its purpose. â€Å"Oh, my† and the like are expressions of any one of a variety of emotions or comprehensions, including pain or repulsion, or surprise or wonder. Oh is also a placeholder that signals dismissiveness (â€Å"Oh, don’t mind me†) or indicates an approximation (â€Å"He was, oh, about this tall†). Say is employed in a similar usage (â€Å"What if I were to offer you, say, twice as much?†). Its poetic equivalent, known as the vocative O a stylized form of direct address meant to evoke a classical lyricism, is rarely followed by a comma: â€Å"O Lord!† is the utterance of someone asking for attention from a deity; â€Å"Oh, Lord† might be a more mundane request for consideration from a nobleman, though it often serves simply as an oath or a variant of â€Å"Oh, my.† Some usage guides omit the comma when oh is used for the latter constructions, but the punctuation is a pertinent marker for a slight pause in this case and for similar utterances like â€Å"Oh, right† or â€Å"Oh, crap.† Likewise, a comma separates oh from a lengthier phrase: â€Å"Oh, where did I put it?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 "Home" Idioms and ExpressionsHang, Hung, Hanged30 Words Invented by Shakespeare

Marketing Management Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Management - Research Proposal Example This paper provides an overview of the crisis encountered by Sainsbury's and aims to assess the company's recovery plan. Furthermore, this paper analyses the firm's internal and external environment through the use of analytical tools such as the PEST and SWOT methods of analysis. In view of the results of the industry analysis, this paper also recommends some strategic options that the company may undertake in order to facilitate its full recovery. Sainsbury's chain of supermarket was once the market leader in the UK supermarket sector. However, it currently occupies the third place, behind its major competitors Tesco and ASDA. The firm has been struggling to keep hold of its market share since the mid-1990s. With this, the company posted dramatically declining profit margins (Wikipedia 2005). Indicative of Sainsbury's lackluster performance, the firm's pretax profit as at end-March 2005 plunged by almost 98% year-on-year, from 610 million in 2004 to only 15 million (Profits collapse at Sainsbury's 2005). To note, it would have generated a negative bottom-line if not for the extraordinary gain on the disposal of its subsidiary in the United States (Wikipedia 2005). According to recently appointed Chief Executive Justin King, the bleak financial result is attributed to Sainsbury's diminishing competitive edge. He cited that in the past years, as the company's competitors have substantially improved, Sainsbury's failed to keep up. (Madslien 2005) Recovery Program In view of the much needed improvement in the company's operations and marketing strategy, King spearheaded a 400-million recovery program. The proposed program covers a three-year period and aims to enhance Sainsbury's marketing strategy (Profits collapse at Sainsbury's 2005). To start off, King launched a direct mail campaign to about a million customers as part of its business review. This is undertaken in order for the company to be aware of customers' expectations as well as identify the critical areas for improvement. The result of this campaign was consistent with the contention of retail analysts that Sainsbury's has severe problem ensuring stock availability. (Wikipedia 2005) This perceived weakness as revealed by the business review is immediately communicated to all store managers. Aside from this, the outcome was also announced publicly and was generally well received by the market and the media. With this, King pushed through with the recovery scheme by laying off about 750 headquarter staff and recruiting around 3,000 shop floor staff to ensure quality customer service and efficient replenishment of stocks. Since the firm's main problem is keeping shelves fully stocked, Sainsbury's management activated two distribution centres to enhance logistics and address issues on stock availability (Wikipedia 2005). It was also reported that Sainsbury's opted to end its ten-year contract with Accenture. After the system in place was deemed ineffective, the firm decided to bring its IT infrastructure back in house over the upcoming months (Ranger 2005). Apart from this, Sainsbury's also announced the halving of the fund allocated for dividends. This is because the firm's earnings would be plowed back to finance the recovery program. (Wikipedia 2005) In addition, to keep up with the competition, King appointed industry experts to join the

Schizophrenia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Schizophrenia - Essay Example What sets the two forms of schizophrenia apart is that the person who is diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia believes themselves to be wanted or hunted, usually by the voices that they hear in their head or the people that they believe they can see. They develop schizophrenia as well as paranoia. Schizophrenia affects at least one per cent of Americans, with the majority of them being teenagers or young adults. Schizophrenia is most common in people during their late adolescence until their mid-twenties if they are men and their late twenties if they are female. The chance of getting schizophrenia is equal between gender and ethnic groups. Schizophrenia is also a disease that can be passed down from someone who already has the disease, or has had it. This can be done genetically, or if someone, especially a child, is subjected for great lengths of time to someone who has schizophrenia. A person is more likely to get the disease themselves if they are related, even distantly, to someone who has already had it. As there is no real definable cause of schizophrenia, it is difficult to predict if somebody will get it. People are often misdiagnosed due to the lack of understanding that comes with schizophrenia; there have been many cases when someone has been diagnosed, come to later find out that it was something unrelated to schizophrenia. It is a very shaky disease to diagnose properly. With all types of schizophrenia, the majority of the symptoms remain the same. There are only one or two striking differences that set the different branches apart from each other. There are considered to be three branches of symptoms, which are positive, negative, and cognitive. Positive symptoms are considered to be the obvious behaviors that are not normal to a healthy person. These symptoms are easy to spot and are easiest to treat. Positive symptoms include unusual thoughts, hallucinations, and delusions. They are symptoms that verbally and visually pull a person

IFRS AND GAP CONVERGENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IFRS AND GAP CONVERGENCE - Essay Example GAAP stands for General accepted accounting principles and are the set of standards developed by US, keeping their needs in mind. On the other hand, IFRS stands for international financial reporting standards are standards developed by UK. In the past financial statements were relevant to these respective countries only but globalization has called for the need of one set of standards. Convergence of international accounting refers to the goal and the path taken to reach one set of standards that are followed throughout the world. The goal is to eliminate the differences and to improve the standards. Various accounting textbooks now feature a mixture of both standards, by presenting financial statements in both formats. The aim is to inform students about the difference in language and presentation so that they apply the relevant standards in future. Currently both organizations aim to converge GAAP of US and IFRS of UK and later they plan to develop one set of standards for the worl d. ... This is because these companies often have to prepare two sets of financial statements to satisfy different stakeholders. The convergence process has helped improved standards to a large extent but there are various differences that have not yet been eliminated. DIFFERENCES Revenue recognition Under the US GAAP the revenue is recognized according to fixed prices or prices that are determinable therefore the results are not recorded as revenue until the contingency is resolved. Under IFRS however depends on the ability of the entity to measure the revenue that is being considered and the economic benefits associated with the revenue. This often results in a difference in â€Å"revenue recognition† as the revenue is recognized earlier under IFRS and later under GAAP. Sale of goods- continuous transfer Another major difference is that GAAP does not allow cost to cost revenue recognition and the revenue under GAAP the revenue transaction is usually deferred if the revenue cannot b e measured on a reliable basis. IFRS on the other hand only defers revenue in instances only when an act is more significant than others. The level of significance depends on the situation in hand. Barter transactions Under GAAP the fair value of goods and services is used when the value surrendered is not clearly evident under the barter transaction. Under IFRS the fair value of goods and services is used only when the value is not determinable. SIMILARITIES Barter transactions In both IFRS and GAAP companies are required to use the fair value of goods and services as the starting point when measuring a barter transaction Accounting policy: The prior and comparative years are restated in both sets of

Gender Inequality Essay Example for Free

Gender Inequality Essay Gender inqualities often stem from social structures that have instiutionalized conceptions of gender differences. Gender inequality has been around for centuries. In many family homes, their lives evolve around gender roles. The responibilties in the family are allocated to their sex (gender). There are certain tasks which are usually allocated to males and females. Some see this division as biologolical differences between the sexes and others see it happening in cultural backgrounds. There are sociological theories that have tended to see gender roles as natural and inevitable. Talcott Parsons, suggested that within the modern nuclear family it was essential that one parent, (the father) performed the instrumental role of the leader and provider whilst the mother performed the expressive role of giving psychological support and taking responsibilty for socialising children. This made sense because women give birth to and nurse their children. It’s a typical sterotype, that is engrained in both men and women. Gender is seen closely related to the roles and behaviour assigned to women and men based on their sexual differences. As children we learn and adapt to specific gender roles, and as we grow they become more evident and more important to our role in a society. There is more married women that work outside of the home and some men spend more time at home with their families. Martial roles have become increasingly similar. Historians of the family have made it show how gender roles in the family are socially constructed. The roles pllayed by men and women in any history poont may seem natural and inevitable. When you look back to the past, you see how much its changed according to the reguirements of society and the needs of families at particular times. During the latter of the 20th century the views began to change but still stained ideologies from the past they still exist ath the brink of the 21st century. 82% of women (wives and girlfriends) still do the housework according to a new study in Britain, but when it comes to housework, we are back in the 50s. For the females of today we can pretty much do anything we like, join the army, be a prime misiter, run a company or be a stay at home mum. As the new century, today, we see a greatly altered family landscape in which dual-income and single parents families outnumber the ascendant two-parent, one-earner in the household. There is more single parent families nowadays. So they would be taking on the roles as the breadwinner and home maker. But its not just women doing this, there is a lot of men as single parents and broken families that have to take on these roles. So a lot has changed over the years. And there is more and more working parents. Gender role and inquality is not just geared towards women but also men. As much as women face inqualities, ther are many aspects about the world that’s is unfair towards men. The question remains, â€Å"will men and women ever be found equal? † My answer, no. Men and women are simply too different to be considered be treated the same. Yes, I do believe that men and women should be paid the same, and given equal and all opportunity, but as far as the biological sense goes men and women have two completely different biological makeup. It is scientifically true that women are more nurturing whereas men are found to be much more competitive and aggressive. That is not to say that those traits can not be mixed upon the two genders, but there is still too much that keeps gender separate. In some culturals, gender inequality will never change for most. The women are to stay at home, raise the family and do the household chores. In some of theses culturals domestic violence accurs and the women keep quiet about it because they cant leave because its discrimmination to their society and most culutrals don’t allow women to get a divorce. Many developing countries including India have displayed gender inequalit in education, employment and health. It is common to find girls and women suffering from high mortality rates. India has witnessed gender inquality from its early history due to its socio-ecnomic and religious practices that resulted in a wide gap between the position of men and women in the society. Gender inquality has an adverse impact on development goals and reduces ecnomic groth. It hampers the overall well being, because blocking women from participation in social polical and ecnomic activties can adversely affect th whole society. Discrimination also plays out with networking and in preferential treatment within the economic market. Men typically occupy positions of power within the job economy. Due to taste or preference for other men because they share similar characteristics, men in these positions of power are more likely to hire or promote other men, thus discriminating against women. Discrimination against men in the workplace is rarer but does occur, particularly in health care professions. Only an estimated 0. 4% of midwives in the UK are male and according to cbs only 1% of all trainee nurses and only 2% of Secretaries are male. Women have increasingly been finding their place in a male driven environment whether it be in the office, politics, or in the cut throat world business and CEO’s, women have become more and more powerful in a man’s world. Needless to say, women have not reached the level of power that a man would have, but seeing as where woman stood forty years ago it is a step in the right direction. Over the years, gender role has clearly played a big part in the way that women are treated, whether it be being confined to the kitchen, or rendered to emotional to run for office, it seems as though society has built two completely different species of human to live amongst each other. It may sound drastic, but if men and women were to be more similar, there would be more chance for equal treatment. As unfortunate as it is, it seems as though society is at a stand still on where to go with gender inequality, and if there is no way to convince an entire generation to change they way they treat each other, then it might as well stay that way. Unfortunately society is way too stubborn to be able to change its ways about said subject. All that being said, we have come a great deal over the years, and maybe one day we can point that everyone can agree on.

The Life and Political Career of James Madison Essay -- American Ameri

The Life and Political Career of James Madison James Madison is most widely known as the father of the Constitution. It is a title â€Å"deeply deserved on many accounts† (Wills 37). Although his many achievements at times are overshadowed by his work on the Constitution, Madison’s life reflects a legislative talent (Wills 3). Through his interest in politics, he was able to shape the forming nation. Education, illness, and religion dominated the beginning of James Madison’s life; the experiences enabled Madison to write the Constitution as well as a number of influential essays in response to his views on the incompetent confederacy. Madison challenged the ideas of the Anti-federalists through his strong arguments and rhetoric, while leaving behind a balance between central government and individual rights, as well as the idea of being an American. Madison’s education revolved around his bad health, which often dictated where he studied. Madison believed he would â€Å" have a short life due to the illness he believed was epilepsy and actively tried to monitor and control breakdowns† (Wills 7). As a child, Madison was â€Å"frequently confined to the sick bed† and he â€Å"formed studious habits, developing an early love of scholarly investigation and contemplation† (Sheldon 3). While the young Madison stayed at home, his religious grandmother took on his education by using books from his father’s library and purchasing the British magazine, Spectator (Sheldon 3-4). After learning valuable lessons through her teaching, he moved on to attend school for five years at the King and Queen County Anglican School, later returning home in order to monitor his health (Wills 15). Madison’s desire for knowledge led him to study at P... ...Inaugural Address. New York: The Library of America. 1999. Madison’s address to the country, informing the people of his goals while in office. Madison, James. Speech in the Virginia Ratifying Convention of Ratification and Amendments. New York: The Library of America. 1999. A speech aimed at convincing the state of Virginia to give the ninth vote for ratification. Peterson, Merrill D. ed. The Founding Fathers: James Madison A Biography in His Own Words. Vol. 1. New York: Newsweek, inc. 1974. A biography of Madison’s life. Sheldon, Garrett Ward. The Political Philosophy of James Madison. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. 2001. An analysis on the factors in Madison’s life that shaped his ideals. Wills, Garry. James Madison. New York: Times Books. 2002. A biography focusing on Madison’s Presidential years. The Life and Political Career of James Madison Essay -- American Ameri The Life and Political Career of James Madison James Madison is most widely known as the father of the Constitution. It is a title â€Å"deeply deserved on many accounts† (Wills 37). Although his many achievements at times are overshadowed by his work on the Constitution, Madison’s life reflects a legislative talent (Wills 3). Through his interest in politics, he was able to shape the forming nation. Education, illness, and religion dominated the beginning of James Madison’s life; the experiences enabled Madison to write the Constitution as well as a number of influential essays in response to his views on the incompetent confederacy. Madison challenged the ideas of the Anti-federalists through his strong arguments and rhetoric, while leaving behind a balance between central government and individual rights, as well as the idea of being an American. Madison’s education revolved around his bad health, which often dictated where he studied. Madison believed he would â€Å" have a short life due to the illness he believed was epilepsy and actively tried to monitor and control breakdowns† (Wills 7). As a child, Madison was â€Å"frequently confined to the sick bed† and he â€Å"formed studious habits, developing an early love of scholarly investigation and contemplation† (Sheldon 3). While the young Madison stayed at home, his religious grandmother took on his education by using books from his father’s library and purchasing the British magazine, Spectator (Sheldon 3-4). After learning valuable lessons through her teaching, he moved on to attend school for five years at the King and Queen County Anglican School, later returning home in order to monitor his health (Wills 15). Madison’s desire for knowledge led him to study at P... ...Inaugural Address. New York: The Library of America. 1999. Madison’s address to the country, informing the people of his goals while in office. Madison, James. Speech in the Virginia Ratifying Convention of Ratification and Amendments. New York: The Library of America. 1999. A speech aimed at convincing the state of Virginia to give the ninth vote for ratification. Peterson, Merrill D. ed. The Founding Fathers: James Madison A Biography in His Own Words. Vol. 1. New York: Newsweek, inc. 1974. A biography of Madison’s life. Sheldon, Garrett Ward. The Political Philosophy of James Madison. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press. 2001. An analysis on the factors in Madison’s life that shaped his ideals. Wills, Garry. James Madison. New York: Times Books. 2002. A biography focusing on Madison’s Presidential years.

Extended School Day Essay

Imagine you are a seven-year-old whose’s parents work until five each night. When you come home after school there is no one home with you. What could you get into? You might know right from wrong but you still might get yourself into some trouble. Just out of plain curiosity you might get into something or an accident could happen without you even being involved in it. But I say there is a way to stop this from ever happening. I think we should either keep schools open longer or introduce more after school programs. Many advantages would come from either of these ideas. For one the parents would not have to be in a state of worry about whether their child is safe at home or in trouble. Plus you always have that added guilt about not being able to help your kids with their homework. Now with either longer days or more after school programs a lot of stress could be taken away from your family. No more having to pay for sitters which could stress out a families finances. Also the dangers of the kids being home and getting into trouble would be cut down severely. And also with the longer days or more after school programs parents would be able to get home, at least one parent would be home, to pick their kids off the bus. I wanted to suggest some programs I feel would help out with the problem at hand. These programs would be a reading and math after school program. One program I would suggest is a reading after school program. It is said that today, too many children fail to read at a level we would expect for the grade they are in. In a study done in 1998, the National Assessment of Educational Progress found that, thirty eight percent of our nation’s fourth graders failed to read at the basic level. That fact alone says we must enforce more after school programs. Now they also found that sixty-four percent of African American and sixty percent of Hispanic American fourth graders read below the basic level. This shows we need to not only put these programs in suburban schools but also city schools. Research has shown that students who are behind in reading can catch up to grade level with additional reading instruction and tutoring after school and in the summer. And that is what I am trying to put in effect. We all know that to succeed in school all students need good reading skills, and that’s just a fact. Another program that I think is good is a mathematics after school Program. I has been found that students who take rigorous mathematics courses are much more likely to go on to college and into promising careers than those who do not. And with technology becoming more prevalent in the workplace, the need for employees with mathematics backgrounds has greatly increased. In my research I have found that far too many students finish middle and junior high school without developing a solid foundation in algebra and geometry. Research done by the international comparative assessments said that U. S. student achievement in mathematics falls below the average in the middle grades. We need to help improve this. I think some other important facts help support my case for the longer school day and the after school programs in this little chart. Some reasons why the public supports after school programs: *Over 28 million school-age children have both parents or their only parent in the workforce. *At least 5 million children — and possibly as many as 15 million — are left alone at home each week. *Many children, especially low-income children, lose ground in reading if they are not engaged in organized learning over the summer. *Experts agree that school-age children who are unsupervised during the hours after school are more likely to receive poor grades and drop out of school than those who are involved in supervised, constructive activities. *Statistics show that most juvenile crime takes place between the hours of 2:00 and 8:00 pm, and that children are also at much greater risk of being the victims of crime during the hours after school. Here is another chart showing that after school programs enhance a child’s academic achievement. *Participants in after-school programs:* *Show increased interest and ability in reading *Develop new skills and interests *Show improved school attendance, increased engagement in school, and reduced dropout rate *Turn in more and better quality homework and can spend more time on task. *Are held back or placed in special education classes less frequently *Show higher aspirations for the future, including intention to complete high school and go to college. These facts are real. This is why I picked trying to make a longer day and more after school programs. And with these two programs the numbers will go up. I plan on adding more programs to what I have wrote in here. But I think implementing a longer school day and these after school programs should help not only the parents of these children but the children themselves.

Nike ERP Implementation

What are the failure factors for the first NIKE-12 ERP-SCM implementation? All ERP implementations have risks associated that can lead to failure situations. The complexity of ERP systems together with demanding business environment, represent big challenges for companies when implementing an ERP. In the case of Nike, the situation is even more challenging because of the worldwide ERP deployment, and the large and complex scope of the project.Inevitably, and like all ERP implementations, Nike-i2's project faced complications at the different stages of he implementation cycle but those complications could have been minimized if the so called â€Å"Critical Success Factors† (CSF)I had been planned and managed properly. Using the 5 stages structure proposed in the report â€Å"Drawing Competitive Advantage through Successful ERP Implementation Projects†2, the failure factors are analyzed in detail in the following sections.First stage of implementation (project preparation ): One of the failures in the Nike-i2 ERP implementation was the lack of Formalized project plan/schedule. Feeling the market pressures, Nike did not commit to a isciplined plan and rushed up ERRS implementation, by â€Å"began to input data for its forthcoming Spring 2001 line when the system was still to stabilize†3 , giving reason to the opinions that projects cannot be driven by external deadlines4.Industry experts also warned about the boomerang effect (tight and unrealistic deadlines would come back in low quality results in the future) but Nike felt â€Å"12 technology was smaller and therefore easier to implement†. The result was the project failure and a financial storm (reduced profits) in the following financial periods. The executive eam as the responsibility to define the mission and scope of the project by analyzing the project business benefits and goals, and aligning them with strategic business goals.It is clear that in this case, Nike's executives wer e too ambitious by trusting blindly in a forecast system that was not completely adequate to Nike's business model (model was order based and not demand forecast oriented). As stated in Cnet â€Å"12 had past success projects with big clients such as Boeing, Nortel Networks, Raytheon and WalMart.. proving that 12 software is not perfect, but if implementation s done correctly, with proper planning, investment and scheduling, it will work well. â€Å"5 Implementing software is not a goal by it itself, remaking the business with the help of software is.Nike business goal was to create an efficient global supply chain by reducing inventory and manufacturing cycle, and this was a large and complex goal, thus, the software implementation could not be taken as simple and easy as Nike's executives toke it, failing to give Sustained management support to the project. In the second stage of implementation (Business Blueprint) the failures were: Nike elied too much in the (supposed) power o f the forecasting technology and underestimated its impact on the business processes changes such as orders processing, raw materials purchasing, fabric production, and demand management.That impact also affected the way employees and partners used to work. Anytime companies changes employee's working habits, it can get difficult to them to adapt to the new reality, thus, an Effective organizational change management is critical. Nike tailed ensuring that this complex change got the right results by not integrating properly people, process and technology. Nike's business context was very complex (120000 SKUs, operations in all continents, four seasons product turn over and product life cycle very short), thus, a deep knowledge of this industry was critical when implementing new business processes and ERP systems.Despite previous supply chain applications were troublesome Nike hired 12 that was inexperienced in the footwear industry. This situation could have been avoided if Nike had appropriately used consultants by integrating third-party specialists with industry experience in the project's team. By not managing this factor, Nike took a big risk and ncreased the probabilities of failure. Nike's business requirements were too complex and over detailed (like footwear's forecasting for styles, colors, sizes).If Nike had appropriately used consultants and also had promoted User involvement and participation, those experts could had shared their know-how in the definition of business requirements more realistic and aligned with the real organizational needs. The failures in the third stage of implementation (Realization) were: â€Å"i2's software did not offer all the required functionalities†6. Usually, ERP systems do not provide all the functional requirements nd 12 system is not an exception. That's why, ERP vendors offer interfaces to communicate with third-party products.The problem with Nike implementation was that there was not an Critical Success F actors is a concept presented in the report â€Å"Drawing Competitive Advantage through Successful ERP Implementation Projects†, by Jos © Esteves – Instituto de Empresa (Spain) and Joan Pastor Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona (Spain) 2 ibid 3 SCM and ERP Software Implementation at Nike – From failure to success 4 http://www. cio. com/article/32335/Five_Lessons_Learned_from_Nike_s_i2_Debacle 5 ttp://news. cnet. om/i2-Nike-fallout-a-cautionary-tale/2100-1017_3-253829. html 6 SCM and ERP Software Implementation at Nike – From failure to success 1 adequate infrastructure and interfaces prepared in advance and tested before going live. The result was that the â€Å"Demand application and its planner did not integrate easily†¦ â€Å"7. Nike's demand for high customization was one of the main failures in this project. To Avoid ERP customization, Nike could have appropriately used consultants to reduce the need of very detail level forec asting (style, color, size).Consultants ould have brought also an experienced business vision, focus on ERP processes really needed to run Nike's business, alignment between Nike's requirements and ERP functionalities, and ERP best practices (including ‘2's recommendations and methodology) Forth stage (final preparation) is critically important to ensure the quality of the results, Nike's tailures were: To ensure that the ERP accomplishes the business requirements defined at the beginning of the project a Formalized testing plan is mandatory.In theory, this test plan should cover functional tests, data flow between ystems, user testing and performance tests. Nike did not perform any of those tests activities and the catastrophic results were: â€Å"System could not process large amounts of info. It was very slow and crashed†, â€Å"System could not handle thousands of variables to generate forecasts†, â€Å"Demand application and its planner did not integrate ea sily because different data formats. , â€Å"System sent inaccurate orders to manufactures and errors were not detected†8 In this phase, User involvement and participation, Adequate training program and Preventive troubleshooting are critical to guarantee that: the technical staff and end- sers know how to use the system; to prepare users to perform tests; and to prevent unexpected situations.These activities were not performed and under-evaluated by Nike as confirmed in the case: â€Å"it would work with requiring a pilot test†; â€Å"12 application was smaller†9; No communication between forecasting and inputs from sales and marketing; and no super users used in training. Data migration and data testing are crucial activities before system go-live because data is what really gives competitive advantage to a company and data is the core foundation for all business decisions, thus, an Adequate data migration process s essential. Analysts raised questions about a dequacy of information that Nike input into the system. â€Å"10, this means that Nike did not planned in advance the data activities (migration, conversion, cleaning, etc. ) and in the end the result was â€Å"Input data was estimated and didn't reflect the business reality, thus, forecasts could never be accurate†ll For the final stage (go live) Nike failed in: 0 Not giving sustained management support since â€Å"Executives did not hold review meetings, neither analyzed forecasting results†12.This transmitted a sense of no wnership and no own involvement to employees, resulting in no encouragement of system usage. From other point view, Nike also failed on the study of vendor's evaluation criteria: 0 According to the â€Å"six-stage model of the buying process for ERP software†13, one evaluation criteria is â€Å"Association with or the availability of third party vendor/ partners† and other criteria is â€Å"Qualifications, experience, and success i n delivering solutions to organizations of a similar size, complexity, and geographic scope†.It was clear that 12 did not had experience on the footwear industry and was not prepared or Nike's business complexity, so Nike should had decided for another vendor with industry knowledge or as an alternative to integrate 12 with a specialized third-party. 0 Nike seemed to desire the best-of-breed for each application area, ex: SAP for ERP, 12 for planning SCM, Siebel for CRM, etc. , which is not always the best option.As for 12, Nike knew that there were many disadvantages to choose this vendor, such as: 12 technology could not met all business requirements; data models were different between i2's demand and planner application raising integration problems with egacy systems; high effort was necessary to customization; there were 2 development and delivery cycles at the same time (one for 12 and other for SAP); and 12 had no experience in industry. A better option would have been t o integrate planning SCM with SAP from the very beginning, which turned out be what exactly happened atter the 12 Conclusion M project tailure.Nike-i2's ERP implementation failed in all stages of implementation on several CSF and also on the evaluation of the vendor. The failures were related mainly to project management and organizational factors proving that success is much related to eople and process and not Just technology. 7 SCM and ERP Software Implementation at Nike 10 11 12 13 – From failure to success ibid â€Å"A six-stage model of the buying process for ERP software† by Jacques Verville and Alannah Halingten 8 9 2.How do you evaluate the role of 12 in this process? Many factors which Nike failed to manage can also be applied for 12, resulting in a shared responsibility for the project failure. 0 12 did actually recommended Nike to â€Å"minimize customization to 10-15% of the software†14 but at the same â€Å"Nike and 12 worked together to incorpora te the desired hanges†. 1 5 This means, 12 agreed to do the changes when Nike insisted on high level of customization, thus, 12 also has responsibilities on the high customization failure.Responsibility could be different if the level of customization was written in the contract to be limited by 10%, and above that, 12 would not offer product guarantee. 0 The project did not have formal plan and no realistic deadlines. 12 as company, cannot be Just a software vendor, it must participate on the plan definition and monitoring. By accepting Nike's deadlines, 12 was also responsible for the delays nd for the low quality of the delivered software. 0 Nike began to input data while the system was not yet stable but 12 did not force Nike to stop this.A vendor must deliver his product when it is ready and according to negotiated deadlines. 0 12 did not have footwear industry knowledge but accepted to be part of the project, taking a big risk and being too ambitious like Nike was. The r esult was that 12 became overwhelmed with the business complexity and in the end the forecasts did not worked out as expected. 12 should had analyzed better Nike's business and industry, nd sub-contracted a third-party specialist in that industry. Nike did not use ‘2's implementation methodology; executives did not hold review meetings, neither analyzed forecasting results; there was no pilot test and no training. A vendor must also be part of the project management team to: define and negotiate formal deadlines, implementation phases, methodologies, tasks, roles, test plans, risk management plans, performance goals, etc. A vendor must assure that the contract is clear about: who owns the project; who is responsible for what; what resources will e available during the project; what are the expected benefits and results. 3.Describe the main problems associated with ERP software modification (short-term and long-term) Short-term 0 More time to implement a modified ERP compared w ith the time to implement an original ERP. 0 Higher costs during project's implementation to pay analysts to define customized business processes and to pay programmers to customize the new functionalities on the system. 0 Higher costs to run additional tests to guarantee customized functionalities work as expected and do not affect the original system apabilities. 0 Additional costs to train end-users on the customized functionalities.